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Scoring in Mahjong, a game for four players that originated in China, involves the players obtaining points for their hand of tiles, then paying each other based on the differences in their score and who obtained mahjong (won the hand). The points are given a monetary value agreed by the players. Although in many variations scoreless hands (推倒胡 ''tui dao hu'' in Mandarin, 雞糊 ''gai wu'' in Cantonese) are possible, many require that hands be of some point value in order to win the round. While the basic gameplay is more or less the same throughout mahjong, the greatest divergence between variations lies in the scoring systems. Like the gameplay, there is a generalized system of scoring, based on the method of winning and the winning hand, from which Chinese and Japanese (among notable systems) base their roots. American mahjong generally has greatly divergent scoring rules (as well as greatly divergent gameplay rules). Because of the large differences between the various systems of scoring (especially for Chinese variants), groups of players will often need to agree on particular scoring rules before a game, in order to eliminate possible disputes during the game. As with gameplay, many attempts have been made to create an international standard of scoring, but most are not widely accepted. == Criteria == Points are obtained for a hand by matching it against various criteria, with different criteria scoring different values. Criteria can include particular melds or other tiles held, how the (winning) hand was completed, possession of various special combinations, etc. Some of these criteria may be subsets of other criteria (for example, having a meld of one dragon versus having a meld of all of them), and in these cases, only the criteria with the tighter requirements is scored. The points obtained may be translated into scores for each player using some (typically exponential) function. When gambling with mahjong, these scores are typically directly translated into sums of money paid between players. The terminology of ''point'' differs from variation to variation. A common English term is ''double'', as the point-to-score translation is typically exponential with a base of 2. (This is not to be confused with the doubling applied to the basic point score in some variations). Chinese variants will use the term 番 (pinyin: ''fan''). Taiwanese mahjong, however, uses the term 台 (pinyin: ''tái'') along with a linear scoring system. ''Points'' and ''score'' relate to two distinct concepts - based on the points obtained in a round, and other factors, players pay each other money. Chips or similar tokens can be used instead, or a score can simply be calculated. Each player begins the game with the same score. When settling up, in many cases only the winner is paid with the winner's gain being deducted from the three losers' scores (that is, the losers pay the winner). However, payment between players can be arranged in other ways. A common set of modifiers (for which this article will call the ''standard payment variations'') include: * In the case where a player wins by a discard (a player ''picks off'' an opponent), the player who performs the discard pays double * In the case where a player wins by a draw (a player wins by ''self-pick''), every losing player pays double. * In the case where a player wins from a high-risk scenario (see below), the player who performs the discard pays for the other two losing players (in addition to the normal double share). If playing with chips, there is no universal rule for the situation when a player runs out. In some circles, the match is immediately aborted, with the player furthest ahead in score declared the winner, while in others, a player out of chips continues to play without risk of further losses. Alternatively, the loser may pay cash to buy back chips from the winners and the game continues. The rules mentioned below are by no means exhaustive or common to every variation, but are common to many 13-tile and 16-tile variations. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Scoring in Mahjong」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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